Potensi Air Cucian Beras Sebagai Pupuk Organik Pada Tanaman Seledri (Apium Graveolens L.)

Rice washing water is a waste or waste from households that have not been widely used. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of rice washing water on growth and yield of celery plants and to see the potency of rice washing water as organic fertilizer in celery plant.The study was conducted in November 2017 - February 2018. The study was prepared according to a Randomized Block Design with 4 treatments and 4 replications namely A0: control, A1: wash water of first rinse rice, A2: water wash of second rinse rice and A3: water washing rice third rinse.The number of replicates as many as 4 and each there are 2 units of plants so that the total plant observed as many as 32 plants. The results showed that rice washing water had no significant effect on the growth of celery plants. The A3 treatment (third rinse washing water) resulted in more leaves than the other treatments. Rice laundry water is potential for use in celery plants but at a more dilute concentration (third rinse washing water)

Nonresponse and measurement errors in income: matching individual survey data with administrative tax data

A (local) survey on income carried out in the city of Modena in 2002 generated four categories of units: interviewees, refusals, noncontacts, and sometimes unused reserves. In this study, all units were matched with their corresponding records in the Ministry of Finance 2002 databases for fiscal incomes of 2001 and the 2001 Census. Considering all four categories, participation increased by education level and activity status, while it decreased among low or high incomes. Considering interviewees only, over- and under-reporting, as well as measurement errors, were investigated by comparing the surveyed income with fiscal income. Age and level of income were the main covariates affecting the behaviours of taxpayers

Factors affecting tertiary education decisions of immigrants in Italy

To identify the determinants of the choices of young Italian natives and immigrants with respect to tertiary education, two datasets for 2009 were used: European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the Italian Survey on Income and Living Conditions of Families with Immigrants in Italy (IT-SILCFI). A sub-sample of young Italians and immigrants between 20 and 25 years of age was set up, containing individual, family, and contextual explanatory variables. Their effects on the choice of tertiary schooling (yes/no) was assessed using an ordinary logistic model and a Lasso method to determine the explanatory set variables through a Bayesian approach. The transition from high school to university showed a complex pattern involving many variables: compared to men, women were twice as likely to continue their education, many components of income entered the model in a parabolic form, education level and income of parents proved to be very important, as was their occupation. The contextual factors revealed their importance: the latter included the degree of urbanisation, the South macro-region, household tenure status, the amount of optional technological equipment, and so on. Differences between Italians and immigrants disappeared when family background and parental characteristics were taken into account

Tertiary education decisions of immigrants and non-immigrants in Italy: an empirical approach

Decisions regarding tertiary schooling are important for young people as it affects future opportunities for employment and social mobility. Tertiary schooling also plays a role in the social integration of immigrants. To determine differences in the choices of young Italian natives and immigrants concerning education, two datasets for 2009 were used: European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the Italian Survey on Income and Living Conditions of Families with Immigrants in Italy (IT-SILCFI). Analysing a sub-sample of young Italians and immigrants, between 20 and 29 years of age, the association of both individual and family explanatory variables in the choice of secondary schooling (yes/no) was assessed using logistic models. The results show that young immigrants tend to interrupt their schooling earlier than their Italian peers. However, differences disappear when family background and parental characteristics are taken into account

Measurement errors and tax evasion in annual incomes: evidence from survey data matched with fiscal data

Individual records, referred to personal interviews of a survey on income carried out in Modena during 2012 and tax year 2011, had been matched with their corresponding records in the Ministry of Finance databases containing the fiscal incomes of tax year 2011. The analysis of the resulting data set suggested that the fiscal income was generally more reliable than surveyed income, but in the literature the exact opposite is often assumed. Moreover, the obtained data set enables identification of the factors determining over- and under-reporting, as well as measurement error, through a comparison of the surveyed income with the fiscal income, only for suitable categories of interviewees: the taxpayers who are obliged to respect the law (the constrained sector), and taxpayers who have many possibilities to evade (the unconstrained sector). The percentage of under-reporters (67.3%) was higher than those of over-reporters (32.7%). Level of income, age, and education were the main regressors affecting the measurement errors and the behaviours of taxpayers. Estimations of tax evasion and the impacts of personal factors affecting it were carried out following different approaches. The average of individual propensity to tax evasion was 25.93% of the corresponding fiscal income. The potential total tax evaders were about 10%

Effect of dopants on thermal stability and self-diffusion in iron nitride thin films

We studied the effect of dopants (Al, Ti, Zr) on the thermal stability of iron nitride thin films prepared using a dc magnetron sputtering technique. Structure and magnetic characterization of deposited samples reveal that the thermal stability together with soft magnetic properties of iron nitride thin films get significantly improved with doping. To understand the observed results, detailed Fe and N self-diffusion measurements were performed. It was observed that N self-diffusion gets suppressed with Al doping whereas Ti or Zr doping results in somewhat faster N diffusion. On the other hand Fe self-diffusion seems to get suppressed with any dopant of which heat of nitride formation is significantly smaller than that of iron nitride. Importantly, it was observed that N self-diffusion plays only a trivial role, as compared to Fe self-diffusion, in affecting the thermal stability of iron nitride thin films. Based on the obtained results effect of dopants on self-diffusion process is discussed.Comment: 10 pages, 9 fig